Web Technologies – Java
Java, EJB, RMI, Swing, CORBA, Serve lets, JSP, JDBC, Core Java, Struts framework, Web sphere, Web logic, HTML, XML, Java script, J2EE, J2ME, DOT NET, framework, LDAP, Internet Security, JVM, Pjava, MIPS, Tibco, Board Design, Ematrix, XSL, XSLT
Web Technologies – Microsoft
VB.NET, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, VC++.NET, C#, COM, DCOM
Testing
Win runner, Load runner, Telecom Testing, White box testing, AIX testing ‘ Test cases, Test director, Test Suite, Silk Test, Mercury Testing, rational Robo,
Quality
Professionals with knowledge of ISO9000, SEICMM
Systems Software
C/C++ on Unix/Linux, DSP, Chip level designing, Unix kernel architecture, file system, memory management,RTOS,L2 support etc
Client Server
VB, VC++, COM, DCOM with RDBMS – Oracle, SQL, Sybase
Embedded Systems
RTOS, C on UNIX, Networking, Vx works, design and code reviews, QNX, Net kernel, Psos, IRMK, Firmware, BIOS, Assembly, MPEG DVD, MP3, JPEG, Set Top Box, DVB, Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, ADA, AVIONICS, D0178B, Industrial Automation,
Mainframes
IBM Mainframe, AS/400, 0s/390, z/OS, OS/400,VAX/VMS’Mainframe, COBOL, CICS, MVS, DB2, IDMSX, IMS, Tandem, Natural ADABAS, Xpeditor, RPG, JCL and VSAM
Networking
Networking S/W, UNIX System Admin., Windows NT Admin, TCP/IP, SPX, X25, Network Management – SNMP, CMIP, NMS, LAN/WAN, ATM, MPLS, FR, ISDN, Routing Protocols – BGP OSPF, RTP, RIP, IPV6, SONET, SDH
ERP / SAP
ERP and SAP Implementations of all modules, SAP-SD/MM/PP, FICO, ABAP4, Basis, People Soft-HRM, finance Module, BAN, Oracle Manufacturing, CRM-Siebel /Clarify
TELECOM
Switching, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, 3G, Layer-C, RLC, RRC, NodeB, DSP, TDMA, CDMA, WAP, SS7, ATM. FR, VOIP-SIGTRAN, MGCP, MEGACO, SIP, H.323, 245, TMN, Signalling, Bluetooth, GPS, Home Networking-JINI, HAVI.
C, UNIX
Device Drivers, X-Motif, Linux, Linux, /NT/VMS, Internalls, kernels, TCL/TK, Multithreading, Socket programming, Storage Device (Iscsi, SCSI, SAN, Veritas, Volume Manager, RAID, Fiber Channel, NAS)
VC++
DCOM, ATL, OOAD, XML, WDM, Vxd, WinSDK, WINCE, Palm OS, EPOC, WIN 32, API, Device Drivers, X-Windows, Direct X, Active X, NET, C#.
HARDWARE
ASIC, VLSI, FPGA, Verilog, VHDL, XiLINK, Physical Design, CMOS, Design, IC Design, Place & Route, Synthesis, EDA Tools, FPGA Design, Board Design, PCB Design, Circuit Design, Mixed Signal, Analog Design
APPLICATION
Oracle 8i, 11i, Oracle DBA, SQL-DBA, PB, Delphi, Data Modeling, Data warehousing – OLAP, ROLAP, Oracle DBA, VB, ASP, COM, DCOM, NET, C#, Oracle , PL/SQL, Pro*C, D2K
CAD/CAM
CAD, CAE, CAM, Catia V4,V5, Pro-E, Uni graphics, Hyper mesh, IDEAS, NASTRAN, ANSYS, Auto cad Tools
GENERAL
SQA, Quality, Testing / Implementation, Level 4 / Level 5 / ISO / Six Sigma / Technical writers, architects , Lotus Notes, System Administrator, System Administrator, UNIX / LINUX, SUN SOLARIS
###################################################################################
(eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)
Software that converts an XML document into another format such as
HTML, PDF or text. It may also be used to convert one XML document to
another XML document with a different set of XML tags (different
schema). #################################################################################
Java, EJB, RMI, Swing, CORBA, Serve lets, JSP, JDBC, Core Java, Struts framework, Web sphere, Web logic, HTML, XML, Java script, J2EE, J2ME, DOT NET, framework, LDAP, Internet Security, JVM, Pjava, MIPS, Tibco, Board Design, Ematrix, XSL, XSLT
Web Technologies – Microsoft
VB.NET, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, VC++.NET, C#, COM, DCOM
Testing
Win runner, Load runner, Telecom Testing, White box testing, AIX testing ‘ Test cases, Test director, Test Suite, Silk Test, Mercury Testing, rational Robo,
Quality
Professionals with knowledge of ISO9000, SEICMM
Systems Software
C/C++ on Unix/Linux, DSP, Chip level designing, Unix kernel architecture, file system, memory management,RTOS,L2 support etc
Client Server
VB, VC++, COM, DCOM with RDBMS – Oracle, SQL, Sybase
Embedded Systems
RTOS, C on UNIX, Networking, Vx works, design and code reviews, QNX, Net kernel, Psos, IRMK, Firmware, BIOS, Assembly, MPEG DVD, MP3, JPEG, Set Top Box, DVB, Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, ADA, AVIONICS, D0178B, Industrial Automation,
Mainframes
IBM Mainframe, AS/400, 0s/390, z/OS, OS/400,VAX/VMS’Mainframe, COBOL, CICS, MVS, DB2, IDMSX, IMS, Tandem, Natural ADABAS, Xpeditor, RPG, JCL and VSAM
Networking
Networking S/W, UNIX System Admin., Windows NT Admin, TCP/IP, SPX, X25, Network Management – SNMP, CMIP, NMS, LAN/WAN, ATM, MPLS, FR, ISDN, Routing Protocols – BGP OSPF, RTP, RIP, IPV6, SONET, SDH
ERP / SAP
ERP and SAP Implementations of all modules, SAP-SD/MM/PP, FICO, ABAP4, Basis, People Soft-HRM, finance Module, BAN, Oracle Manufacturing, CRM-Siebel /Clarify
TELECOM
Switching, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, 3G, Layer-C, RLC, RRC, NodeB, DSP, TDMA, CDMA, WAP, SS7, ATM. FR, VOIP-SIGTRAN, MGCP, MEGACO, SIP, H.323, 245, TMN, Signalling, Bluetooth, GPS, Home Networking-JINI, HAVI.
C, UNIX
Device Drivers, X-Motif, Linux, Linux, /NT/VMS, Internalls, kernels, TCL/TK, Multithreading, Socket programming, Storage Device (Iscsi, SCSI, SAN, Veritas, Volume Manager, RAID, Fiber Channel, NAS)
VC++
DCOM, ATL, OOAD, XML, WDM, Vxd, WinSDK, WINCE, Palm OS, EPOC, WIN 32, API, Device Drivers, X-Windows, Direct X, Active X, NET, C#.
HARDWARE
ASIC, VLSI, FPGA, Verilog, VHDL, XiLINK, Physical Design, CMOS, Design, IC Design, Place & Route, Synthesis, EDA Tools, FPGA Design, Board Design, PCB Design, Circuit Design, Mixed Signal, Analog Design
APPLICATION
Oracle 8i, 11i, Oracle DBA, SQL-DBA, PB, Delphi, Data Modeling, Data warehousing – OLAP, ROLAP, Oracle DBA, VB, ASP, COM, DCOM, NET, C#, Oracle , PL/SQL, Pro*C, D2K
CAD/CAM
CAD, CAE, CAM, Catia V4,V5, Pro-E, Uni graphics, Hyper mesh, IDEAS, NASTRAN, ANSYS, Auto cad Tools
GENERAL
SQA, Quality, Testing / Implementation, Level 4 / Level 5 / ISO / Six Sigma / Technical writers, architects , Lotus Notes, System Administrator, System Administrator, UNIX / LINUX, SUN SOLARIS
###################################################################################
Web Technologies -
Java
An
object-oriented programming language that is platform independent (the
same Java program runs on all hardware platforms without modification).
Developed by Sun, Java is widely used on the Web for both client and
server processing. Modeled after C++, Java added programming
enhancements such as "garbage collection," which automatically frees
unused memory. It was also designed to run in small amounts of memory.
The first Web browsers to run Java were Sun's HotJava and Netscape
Navigator 2.0.
EJB
(Enterprise JavaBeans)
A software component in Sun's J2EE platform, which provides a pure Java
environment for developing and running distributed applications. EJBs
are written as software modules that contain the business logic of the
application. They reside in and are executed in a runtime engine called
an "EJB Container," which provides a host of common interfaces and
services to the EJB, including security and transaction support. At the
wire level, EJBs look like CORBA components.
RMI
(Remote Method Invocation)
A standard from Sun for distributed objects written in Java. RMI is a
remote procedure call (RPC), which allows Java objects (software
components) stored in the network to be run remotely. Unlike CORBA and
DCOM objects, which can be developed in different languages, RMI is
designed for objects written only in Java.
SWING
A
Java toolkit for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It
includes elements such as menus, toolbars and dialog boxes. Swing is
written in Java and is thus platform independent, unlike the Java
Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides platform-specific code.
Swing also has more sophisticated interface capabilities than AWT and
offers such features as tabbed panes and the ability to change images on
buttons. Swing is included in the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) which
are provided in the Java Developers Toolkit (JDK).
COBRA
Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
A software-based interface from the Object Management Group (OMG) that
allows software modules (objects) to communicate with each other no
matter where they are located on a private network or the global
Internet. CORBA is a "distributed objects" system designed for
multi-tier, client/server applications, where processing data in one
computer requires additional processing by some other service in another
computer in order to complete the transaction. CORBA is also described
as an "object bus" or "software bus."
SERVELETS
A
Java application that runs in a Web server or application server and
provides server-side processing such as accessing a database and
e-commerce transactions. Widely used for Web processing, servlets are
designed to handle HTTP requests (get, post, etc.) and are the standard
Java replacement for a variety of other methods, including CGI scripts,
Active Server Pages (ASPs) and proprietary C/C++ plug-ins for specific
Web servers (ISAPI, NSAPI).
JSP
(JavaServer Page)
An extension to the Java servlet technology from Sun that allows HTML
to be combined with Java on the same page. The Java provides the
processing, and the HTML provides the page layout that will be rendered
in the Web browser
JDBC
(Java DataBase Connectivity)
A programming interface that lets Java applications access a database
via the SQL language. Since Java interpreters (Java Virtual Machines)
are available for all major client platforms, this allows a
platform-independent database application to be written. In 1996, JDBC
was the first extension to the Java platform.
STRUTS
A
framework for writing Web-based applications in Java that supports the
Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. Struts is deployed as JSP
pages using special tags from the Struts tag library, which includes
routines for building forms, HTML rendering, storing and retrieving data
and business logic
WEB LOGIC
A
software suite from BEA Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA (www.beasys.com)
that is used to deploy Web and SOA applications. The core product is BEA
WebLogic Server, a J2EE application server. BEA WebLogic Portal is an
an enterprise portal that offers advanced searching, and BEA WebLogic
Integration provides tools for transforming and routing data from
multiple sources. BEA WebLogic Enterprise is the integrated development
environment (IDE) for the WebLogic family
HTML
HyperText Markup Language)
The document format used on the Web. Web pages are built with HTML tags
(codes) embedded in the text. HTML defines the page layout, fonts and
graphic elements as well as the hypertext links to other documents on
the Web. Each link contains the URL, or address, of a Web page residing
on the same server or any server worldwide, hence "World Wide" Web.
XML
(EXtensible Markup Language)
An open standard for describing data from the W3C. It is used for
defining data elements on a Web page and business-to-business documents.
XML uses a similar tag structure as HTML; however, whereas HTML defines
how elements are displayed, XML defines what those elements contain.
While HTML uses predefined tags, XML allows tags to be defined by the
developer of the page. Thus, virtually any data items, such as
"product," "sales rep" and "amount due," can be identified, allowing Web
pages to function like database records. By providing a common method
for identifying data, XML supports business-to-business transactions and
has become "the" format for electronic data interchange and Web
services
J2EE
(Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition)
A platform from Sun for building distributed enterprise applications.
J2EE services are performed in the middle tier between the user's
machine and the enterprise's databases and legacy information systems.
J2EE comprises a specification, reference implementation and set of
testing suites. Its core component is Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs),
followed by JavaServer Pages (JSPs) and Java servlets and a variety of
interfaces for linking to the information resources in the enterprise.
J2ME
(Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition)
A version of Java 2 for cellphones, PDAs and consumer appliances. J2ME
uses the K Virtual Machine (KVM), a specialized Java interpreter for
devices with limited memory. The Connected Limited Device Configuration
(CLDC) provides the programming interface for wireless applications. The
Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) provides support for a
graphical interface, networking and storage.
DOT NET
(.NET)
A comprehensive software development platform from Microsoft that was
introduced in 2000 as the company's next generation programming
environment. Pronounced "dot-net," and widely known as the ".NET Framework," it was designed to compete with the Java J2EE platform
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
A protocol used to access a directory listing. LDAP support is being
implemented in Web browsers and e-mail programs, which can query an
LDAP-compliant directory. It is expected that LDAP will provide a common
method for searching e-mail addresses on the Internet, eventually
leading to a global white pages. LDAP is a sibling protocol to HTTP and
FTP and uses the ldap:// prefix in its URL.
JVM
A
Java interpreter. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is software that
converts the Java intermediate language (bytecode) into machine language
and executes it. The original JVM came from the JavaSoft division of
Sun. Subsequently, other vendors developed their own; for example, the
Microsoft Virtual Machine is Microsoft's Java interpreter. A JVM is
incorporated into a Web browser in order to execute Java applets. A JVM
is also installed in a Web server to execute server-side Java programs. A
JVM can also be installed in a client machine to run stand-alone Java
applications
PJAVA
A
version of Java from Sun intended for PDAs and other handheld devices.
EmbeddedJava (EJava) is a counterpart set of technologies that provide
support for character-based displays or devices without displays rather
than graphical interfaces. PersonalJava (PJava) is intended for open
systems that require Web browsing, and PJava includes applet support.
EJava is intended for closed systems that have severe restrictions on
memory.
MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Second)
The execution speed of a computer. For example, .5 MIPS is 500,000
instructions per second; 100 MIPS is a hundred million instructions per
second. MIPS was a popular rating before computers reached gigahertz
speeds, but MIPS rates were never uniform. Some were best-case mixes
while others were averages. In addition, it takes more instructions in
one machine to do the same thing as another (RISC vs. CISC, mainframe
vs. PC). As a result, MIPS has been called "MisInformation to Promote
Sales" as well as "Meaningless Interpretation of Processor Speed."
XSL
(eXtensible Stylesheet Language)
A standard from the W3C for describing a style sheet for XML documents.
It is the XML counterpart to the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in HTML
and is compatible with CSS2. XSL is made up of three components: (1) XSL
Transformations (XSLT) is the processing language for XSL. It is used
to convert XML documents into HTML or other document types and may be
used independently of XSL. (2) XML Path Language (Xpath) is used to
identify and select tagged elements within an XML document, and (3) XSL
Formatting Objects (XSL FO) provides the format vocabulary
XSLT
Web Technologies - Microsoft:
VB.NET
(Visual Basic .NET)
An object-oriented programming language from Microsoft. It is the .NET
version of the Visual Basic (VB) programming language. Like all .NET
languages, VB.NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLR) for program
execution. VB.NET is substantially different from traditional Visual
Basic, which has been the most popular language for developing Windows
applications
ASP
Application Service Provider)
An organization that hosts software applications on its own servers
within its own facilities. Customers rent the use of the application and
access it over the Internet or via a private line connection. Also
called a "commercial service provider." The Web browser, acting as a
universal client interface, has fueled this "on-demand software" market.
ASP.NET
ASP.NET,
also known as ASP+, is an enhanced version of ASP for the .NET
platform. It supports executable programs compiled from C#, C++ and
other languages and is not backward compatible with regular ASP code.
ASP.NET pages are always compiled rather than interpreted as are ASP
pages
ADO
(ActiveX Data Objects)
A programming interface from Microsoft that is designed as "the"
Microsoft standard for data access. First used with Internet Information
Server, ADO is a set of COM objects that provides an interface to OLE
DB. The three primary objects are Connection, Command and Recordset. The
Connection object establishes a connection with a particular database
management system (DBMS) or other data source. It can also send a query
to the database. The Command object is an alternate way of sending a
query to the database, and the Recordset object contains the resulting
answer, which is a group of records
ADO.NET
ADO.NET
is the .NET version of ADO, which is substantially different from ADO.
It supports XML documents and relies on .NET Data Providers as an
interface layer between the application and the databases.
##########################################################################
Testing Tools:
WINRUNNER
Comprehensive
automated application testing software for Windows from Mercury
Interactive Corporation, Mountain View, CA (www.mercury.com/us). It lets
users compare expected and actual outcomes and provides wizards for
automatically setting up tests. WinRunner also records user interactions
and turns them into a script.
LOADRUNNER
A
load testing tool from Mercury Interactive Corporation, Mountain View,
CA (www.merc-int.com). It simulates thousands of users interacting
online in order to test how well a system stands up under a heavy load.
C#
(C
Sharp) An object-oriented programming language from Microsoft and ECMA
that is based on C++ with elements from Visual Basic and Java. Like
Java, C# provides automatic garbage collection, whereas traditional C
and C++ do not. C# was created by Microsoft and also standardized by the
European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). Microsoft designed
C# as its flagship programming language for the .NET environment.
A
high-level programming language developed by the U.S. Department of
Defense along with the European Economic Community and many other
organizations. It was designed for embedded applications and process
control but is also used for logistics applications. Ada is a
Pascal-based language that is very comprehensive.
Ada was named after Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the poet Lord Byron and mathematician Annabella Milbanke Byron. Ada also became a mathematician and was the colleague of Charles Babbage, who was developing his Analytical Engine. Some of her programming notes for the machine have survived, giving her the distinction of being the first documented programmer in the world
System Software :
C++
An
object-oriented version of C that has been widely used to develop
enterprise and commercial applications. Created by Bjarne Stroustrup,
C++ became popular because it combined traditional C programming with
object-oriented programming (OOP) features. Smalltalk and other OOP
languages did not provide the familiar structures of conventional
languages such as C and Pascal. Microsoft's Visual C++ is the most
widely used C++ language
UNIX
A
multiuser, multitasking operating system that is widely used as the
master control program in workstations and servers. The Open Group holds
the trademark for the UNIX name (spelled in upper case) on behalf of
the industry and provides compliance certification to the UNIX standard
LINUX
Linux
is the most popular open source operating system. Its source code is
available free of charge; however, for a fee, Linux is distributed with
technical support and training from commercial vendors such as Red Hat
Software (www.redhat.com) and Novell (www.novell.com). A Linux
"distribution" is available as a download or on CD or DVD media, which
may comprise from a handful to several hundred applications, tools and
utilities. Source code for the Linux kernel as well as the auxiliary
programs may also be included
DSP
Digital Signal Processing)
A category of techniques that analyze signals from sources such as
sound, weather satellites and earthquake monitors. Signals are converted
into digital data and analyzed using various algorithms such as Fast
Fourier Transform.
(Digital Signal Processor)
A special-purpose CPU used for digital signal processing applications
(see definition #2 below). It provides ultra-fast instruction sequences,
such as shift and add, and multiply and add, which are commonly used in
math-intensive signal processing. DSP chips are widely used in a myriad
of devices, including cellphones, sound cards, fax machines, modems,
hard disks and digital TVs. The first DSP chip used in a commercial
product was believed to be in the very popular Speak & Spell game,
introduced by TI in the late 1970s.
Client Server:
COM
Computer Output Microfilm)
Creating microfilm or microfiche from the computer. A COM machine
receives print-image output from the computer either online or via tape
or disk and creates a film image of each page. The leading vendor of COM
machines is Anacomp, Inc., San Diego, CA (www.anacomp.com).
Computer Output Microfilm)
Creating microfilm or microfiche from the computer. A COM machine
receives print-image output from the computer either online or via tape
or disk and creates a film image of each page. The leading vendor of COM
machines is Anacomp, Inc., San Diego, CA (www.anacomp.com).
DCOM
Distributed Component Object Model)
Formerly Network OLE, it is Microsoft's technology for distributed
objects. DCOM is based on COM, Microsoft's component software
architecture, which defines the object interfaces. DCOM defines the
remote procedure call that allows those objects to be run remotely over
the network. DCOM began shipping with Windows NT 4.0 and is Microsoft's
counterpart to CORBA.
DBMS
(DataBase Management System)
Software that controls the organization, storage, retrieval, security
and integrity of data in a database. It accepts requests from the
application and instructs the operating system to transfer the
appropriate data. The major DBMS vendors are Oracle, IBM, Microsoft and
Sybase. MySQL is a very popular open source product
ORACLE
(Oracle
Corporation, Redwood Shores, CA, www.oracle.com) The world's largest
database and application software vendor founded in 1977 by Larry
Ellison. The Oracle database was the first DBMS to incorporate
the SQL language and to be ported to a wide variety of platforms. Oracle
also offers a variety of development tools.
In the mid-1990s, Oracle was a major promoter of the network computer, forming subsidiary Network Computer, Inc. to define the specifications for the platform. After the turn of the century, the company greatly enhanced its application offerings by acquiring PeopleSoft in 2004 and Siebel Systems in 2005
In the mid-1990s, Oracle was a major promoter of the network computer, forming subsidiary Network Computer, Inc. to define the specifications for the platform. After the turn of the century, the company greatly enhanced its application offerings by acquiring PeopleSoft in 2004 and Siebel Systems in 2005
SQL
Structured Query Language) Pronounced "S-Q-L" or "see-quill,"
a language used to interrogate and process data in a relational
database. Originally developed by IBM for its mainframes, all database
systems designed for client/server environments support SQL. SQL
commands can be used to interactively work with a database or can be
embedded within a programming language to interface to a database.
Programming extensions to SQL have turned it into a full-blown database
programming language, and all major database management systems (DBMSs)
support the language.
SYBASE
Sybase
Inc., Dublin, CA, www.sybase.com) A software company founded in 1984
that specializes in enterprise infrastructure and integration of
platforms, databases and applications. It was originally known for its
SQL Server relational DBMS, but expanded its line in 1995 when it
acquired Powersoft, makers of the PowerBuilder application development
software. Sybase product families include databases, development tools,
integration middleware, enterprise portals and mobile and wireless
servers.
Mainframes:
AS/400
(Application System/400)
The earlier generation and original name of IBM's iSeries and i5
families of midrange business computers. Introduced in 1988, the AS/400
evolved into the iSeries in 2000 and the i5 in 2004. When first
introduced, the AS/400 was considered a "minicomputer."
OS/390
The
primary operating system used in IBM mainframes. OS/390 was originally
the MVS/ESA operating system renamed and repackaged in 1996 with an
extensive set of utilities. Although the name MVS is still used to refer
to the base control program of OS/390, enhancements in usability and
workload balancing have made OS/390 stand apart from its MVS heritage.
OS/390 is upward compatible from MVS/ESA 5.2.2, but downward
compatibility is not ensured.
z/OS
A
mission critical mainframe operating system that extends OS/390 to
IBM's zSeries eServers. Although in its first release there are few
functional enhancements compared to OS/390 Version 2 Release 10, many
more are expected. z/OS, Version 1 Release 1 runs on G5 and G6 Parallel
Enterprise Servers, Multiprise 3000 Servers and supports 64-bit real
memory addressing on the z900 (64-bit virtual storage is expected). On
the G5 and G6, z/OS uses 31-bit addressing and is somewhat restricted.
When IBM introduced its zSeries 800 in 2002 for the mid-size market, it
introduced a lower-priced version of z/OS known as "z/OS.e."
OS/400
The
operating system for the iSeries family of midrange computers from IBM.
Introduced in 1988 for the AS/400 (renamed iSeries in 2000), the OS/400
communicates with the hardware through the Licensed Internal Code (LIC)
layer, which includes the device drivers. In 2004, OS/400 was renamed
i5/OS to coincide with the eServer i5 models introduced in that same
year
VAX
(Virtual Address eXtension)
A venerable family of 32-bit computers from HP (via Digital and Compaq)
introduced in 1977 with the VAX-11/780. VAX models ranged from desktop
units to mainframes all running the same VMS operating system, and VAXes
could emulate PDP models (Digital's first computers). Large VAX
multiprocessing clusters served thousands of users.
COBOL
(COmmon Business Oriented Language)
A high-level programming language that has been the primary business
application language on mainframes and minis. It is a compiled language
and was one of the first high-level languages developed. Officially
adopted in 1960, COBOL stemmed from FLOWMATIC, a language developed in
the mid-1950s by Grace Murray Hopper (later Rear Admiral Hopper) for the
UNIVAC I.
COBOL is a very wordy language. Although mathematical expressions can also be written like other programming languages (see example below), its verbose mode is very readable for a novice. For example, multiply hourly-rate by hours-worked giving gross-pay is self-explanatory
COBOL is a very wordy language. Although mathematical expressions can also be written like other programming languages (see example below), its verbose mode is very readable for a novice. For example, multiply hourly-rate by hours-worked giving gross-pay is self-explanatory
CICS
(Customer Information Control System)
A TP monitor from IBM that was originally developed to provide
transaction processing for IBM mainframes. It controls the interaction
between applications and users and lets programmers develop screen
displays without detailed knowledge of the terminals used. It provides
terminal routing, password security, transaction logging for error
recovery and activity journals for performance analysis.
CICS has also been made available on non-mainframe platforms including the RS/6000, AS/400 and OS/2-based PCs.
CICS commands are written along with and into the source code of the applications, typically COBOL, although assembly language, PL/I and RPG are also used. CICS implements SNA layers 4, 5 and 6.
CICS has also been made available on non-mainframe platforms including the RS/6000, AS/400 and OS/2-based PCs.
CICS commands are written along with and into the source code of the applications, typically COBOL, although assembly language, PL/I and RPG are also used. CICS implements SNA layers 4, 5 and 6.
MVS
(Multiple Virtual Storage)
Introduced in 1974, the primary operating system used with IBM
mainframes (the others are VM and DOS/VSE). MVS is a batch
processing-oriented operating system that manages large amounts of
memory and disk space. Online operations are provided with CICS, TSO and
other system software.
DB2
(DATABASE
2) A relational DBMS from IBM that was originally developed for its
mainframes. It is a full-featured SQL language DBMS that has become
IBM's major database product. Known for its industrial strength
reliability, IBM has made DB/2 available for all of its own platforms,
including OS/2, OS/400, AIX (RS/6000) and OS/390, as well as for Solaris
on Sun systems and HP-UX on HP 9000 workstations and servers
IDMSX
(Integrated Data Management System EXtended)
A database management system (DBMS) from Fujitsu Services, formerly
ICL, that is widely used on its VME mainframes. It supports journaling,
recovery and locking options. A single IDMSX database can contain up to a
terabyte of data
IMS
Information Management System)
An early IBM hierarchical DBMS for IBM mainframes. IMS was widely
implemented throughout the 1970s under MVS and continues to be used
under z/OS. IMS/DB (IMS/DataBase) is the back end database part, and
either IMS/TM (IMS/Transaction Manager) or CICS provides the front end
online interaction.
IMS/TM, formerly IMS/DC (IMS/Data Communications), runs each transaction in its own address space and allows for more precise tuning than CICS, which runs all transactions in a region. IMS/TM is also used to access DB2 databases, and Java applications can access IMS databases
IMS/TM, formerly IMS/DC (IMS/Data Communications), runs each transaction in its own address space and allows for more precise tuning than CICS, which runs all transactions in a region. IMS/TM is also used to access DB2 databases, and Java applications can access IMS databases
TANDEM
(Tandem
Computers Inc., Cupertino, CA) A former major manufacturer of
fault-tolerant computers founded in 1974 by James Treybig and provider
of the early 21st century technology for HP's enterprise computing
strategy. Tandem was the first company to address the transaction
processing (OLTP) market for online reservations and financial transfers
by providing computers designed from the ground up for fault-tolerant
operation. These computers are used in all the major banks, stock
exchanges, credit card companies and ATM machines in the world.
Tandem's most significant product was its MIPS-based Himalaya series which ran the NonStop Kernel operating system, compatible with Tandem's Guardian OS. This platform lives on in the NonStop S-series servers from HP, which acquired Tandem's technology via Compaq in 2002. Compaq had purchased Tandem in 1997
Tandem's most significant product was its MIPS-based Himalaya series which ran the NonStop Kernel operating system, compatible with Tandem's Guardian OS. This platform lives on in the NonStop S-series servers from HP, which acquired Tandem's technology via Compaq in 2002. Compaq had purchased Tandem in 1997
Xpeditor
A
family of mainframe testing programs from Compuware. It provides the
programmer with an assortment of debugging tools for TSO, IMS and other
mainframe applications
RPG
Report Program Generator)
One of the first program generators designed for business reports,
introduced in 1964 by IBM. In 1970, RPG II added enhancements that made
it a mainstay programming language for business applications on IBM's
System/3x midrange computers. RPG III and RPG IV added more enhancements
and have been widely used on the AS/400. RPGLE added the "Integrated
Language Environment (ILE)," which enables C, Java and other modules to
be integrated into the program.
Until RPGLE, all processing statements were written in strict columnar format. The following RPGLE example changes Fahrenheit to Celsius. The A lines are Data Description Specs (DDS) code. They define a display file and are compiled separately
Until RPGLE, all processing statements were written in strict columnar format. The following RPGLE example changes Fahrenheit to Celsius. The A lines are Data Description Specs (DDS) code. They define a display file and are compiled separately
Embedded Systems:
RTOS
(RealTime Operating System) An operating system designed for use in a realtime computer system
(RTOs) (RealTime Operations)
Procedures within an organization that enable information to be
distributed to all parties in realtime. It implies that day-to-day
activities are integrated with existing information systems so that
vital up-to-date information is always available to management,
employees and the public as required.
Vx WORKS
A
popular realtime operating system for embedded systems from Wind River,
Alameda, CA (www.windriver.com). It is used to control a wide variety
of products, including network and telecom devices, test and measurement
equipment, computer peripherals and consumer products. It is also used
in the automotive and aerospace industries for engine control and
avionics. Available for a large number of CPU types, applications are
created in Wind River's Tornado development environment.
FIRMWARE
A
category of memory chips that hold their content without electrical
power. Firmware includes flash, ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM
technologies. When holding program instructions, firmware can be thought
of as "hard software."
BIOS
Basic Input Output System)
An essential set of routines stored in a chip that provides an
interface between the operating system and the hardware in a PC. The
BIOS supports all peripheral technologies including drives as well as
internal services such as the realtime clock (time and date). BIOS
settings are maintained in a tiny battery-backed memory
QNX
A
multiuser, multitasking, realtime operating system for PCs from QNX
Software Systems, Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario (www.qnx.com), that is noted for
its low-memory requirement and rapid response. Similar to Unix, it has
been in use since the early 1980s
MPEG
Moving Pictures Experts Group) An ISO/ITU standard for compressing digital video. Pronounced "em-peg," it is the universal standard for digital terrestrial, cable and satellite TV, DVDs and digital video recorders (DVRs).
MPEG uses lossy compression within each frame similar to JPEG, which means pixels from the original images are permanently discarded. It also uses interframe coding, which further compresses the data by encoding only the differences between periodic frames. MPEG performs the actual compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) method.
MPEG is an asymmetrical system. It takes longer to compress the video than it does to decompress it in the DVD player, PC, set-top box or digital TV set. As a result, in the early days, compression was perfomed only in the studio. As chips advanced and became less costly, they enabled digital video recorders, such as Tivos, to convert analog TV to MPEG and record it on disk in realtime.
MPEG uses lossy compression within each frame similar to JPEG, which means pixels from the original images are permanently discarded. It also uses interframe coding, which further compresses the data by encoding only the differences between periodic frames. MPEG performs the actual compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) method.
MPEG is an asymmetrical system. It takes longer to compress the video than it does to decompress it in the DVD player, PC, set-top box or digital TV set. As a result, in the early days, compression was perfomed only in the studio. As chips advanced and became less costly, they enabled digital video recorders, such as Tivos, to convert analog TV to MPEG and record it on disk in realtime.
JPEG
(Joint Photographic Experts Group) An ISO/ITU standard for compressing still images. Pronounced "jay-peg,"
the JPEG format is very popular due to its variable compression range.
JPEGs are saved on a sliding resolution scale based on the quality
desired. For example, an image can be saved in high quality for photo
printing, in medium quality for the Web and in low quality for attaching
to e-mails, the latter providing the smallest file size for fastest
transmission over dial-up connections.
SET TOP BOX
The
cable TV box that "sits on top" of the TV set. It descrambles the
premium channels and provides a tuner for the higher cable numbers that
very old TVs did not support. Originally only analog, digital set-top
boxes have become widely used for digital services that offer an
on-screen program guide. Digital set-top boxes that provide
high-definition TV (HDTV) are the latest version.
With satellite TV, a device similar to the set-top box decodes signals for viewing. However, although some call it a "satellite set-top box," it is officially known as a "satellite TV receiver."
With satellite TV, a device similar to the set-top box decodes signals for viewing. However, although some call it a "satellite set-top box," it is officially known as a "satellite TV receiver."
DVB
(Digital Video Broadcasting)
An international digital television (DTV) standard that is the European
and Far Eastern counterpart of the North American ATSC standard.
Administered by the DVB Project within the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI), DVB uses MPEG-2 for video compression and
MPEG-2 and Dolby Digital for audio.
MICROPROCESSORS
A
central processing unit (CPU) contained within a single chip. Today,
all computer CPUs are microprocessors. The term originated in the 1970s
when CPUs up until that time were all comprised of several chips. Thus,
when the entire CPU (processor) was miniaturized onto a single chip, the
term "micro" processor was coined. Since the turn of the century, the
semiconductor manufacturing process has become so sophisticated that not
only one, but two or more CPUs, are built on a single chip
MICROCONTROLLER
A
single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory
for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output
(RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a
chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year
in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For
example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers.
Microcontrollers come in all sizes and architectures, with the smaller, commodity chips costing as little as 50 cents in quantities of 10,000.
Microcontrollers come in all sizes and architectures, with the smaller, commodity chips costing as little as 50 cents in quantities of 10,000.
ADA
Ada was named after Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the poet Lord Byron and mathematician Annabella Milbanke Byron. Ada also became a mathematician and was the colleague of Charles Babbage, who was developing his Analytical Engine. Some of her programming notes for the machine have survived, giving her the distinction of being the first documented programmer in the world
Networking:
WINDOWS NT
(Windows New Technology)
A 32-bit operating system from Microsoft for Intel x86 CPUs. NT is the
core technology in Windows 2000 and Windows XP (see Windows).
Available in separate client and server versions, it includes built-in
networking and preemptive multitasking. Windows NT was introduced in
1993 as Version 3.1 with the same user interface as Windows 3.1. In
1996, Version 4.0 switched to the Windows 95 desktop and changed some of
the dialogs
TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
A communications protocol developed under contract from the U.S.
Department of Defense to internetwork dissimilar systems. Invented by
Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn, this de facto Unix standard is the protocol of
the Internet and the global standard for communications.
SPX
(Sequenced Packet EXchange)
The transport layer protocol in the NetWare operating system. Similar
to the TCP layer in TCP/IP, it ensures that the entire message arrives
intact. SPX uses NetWare's IPX as its delivery mechanism. Application
programs use SPX to provide client/server and peer-to-peer interaction
between network nodes
SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol)
A widely used network monitoring and control protocol. Data are passed
from SNMP agents, which are hardware and/or software processes reporting
activity in each network device (hub, router, bridge, etc.) to the
workstation console used to oversee the network. The agents return
information contained in a MIB (Management Information Base), which is a
data structure that defines what is obtainable from the device and what
can be controlled (turned off, on, etc.). Originating in the Unix
community, SNMP has become widely used on all major platforms.
CMIP
(Common Management Information Protocol) Pronounced "c-mip."
A network monitoring and control standard from ISO. CMOT (CMIP over
TCP) is a version that runs on TCP/IP networks, and CMOL (CMIP over LLC)
runs on IEEE 802 LANs (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.).
NMS
Also known as NMS,
it is an SNMP-based network management software from Novell for
monitoring and controlling NetWare networks. NMS was superseded by
ManageWise.
LAN
(Local Area Network)
A communications network that serves users within a confined
geographical area. The "clients" are the user's workstations typically
running Windows, although Mac and Linux clients are also used. The
"servers" hold programs and data that are shared by the clients. Servers
come in a wide range of sizes from Intel-based servers to mainframes.
Printers can also be connected to the network and shared
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
A long-distance communications network that covers a wide geographic
area, such as a state or country. The telephone companies deploy WANs to
service large regional areas or the entire nation. Large enterprises
have their own private WANs to link remote offices, or they use the
Internet for connectivity. The Internet, of course, is the world's
largest WAN.
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
A network technology for both local and wide area networks (LANs and
WANs) that supports realtime voice and video as well as data. The
topology uses switches that establish a logical circuit from end to end,
which guarantees quality of service (QoS). However, unlike telephone
switches that dedicate circuits end to end, unused bandwidth in ATM's
logical circuits can be appropriated when needed. For example, idle
bandwidth in a videoconference circuit can be used to transfer data.
ATM is widely used as a backbone technology in carrier networks and large enterprises, but never became popular as a local network (LAN) topology (see below). ATM is highly scalable and supports transmission speeds of 1.5, 25, 100, 155, 622, 2488 and 9953 Mbps. ATM is also running as slow as 9.6 Kbps between ships at sea. An ATM switch can be added into the middle of a switch fabric to enhance total capacity, and the new switch is automatically updated using ATM's PNNI routing protocol.
ATM is widely used as a backbone technology in carrier networks and large enterprises, but never became popular as a local network (LAN) topology (see below). ATM is highly scalable and supports transmission speeds of 1.5, 25, 100, 155, 622, 2488 and 9953 Mbps. ATM is also running as slow as 9.6 Kbps between ships at sea. An ATM switch can be added into the middle of a switch fabric to enhance total capacity, and the new switch is automatically updated using ATM's PNNI routing protocol.
MPLS
(MultiProtocol Label Switching)
A standard from the IETF for including routing information in the
packets of an IP network. MPLS is used to ensure that all packets in a
particular flow take the same route over a backbone. Deployed by many
telcos and service providers, MPLS can deliver the quality of service
(QoS) required to support realtime voice and video as well as service
level agreements (SLAs) that guarantee bandwidth. Large enterprises may
also use MPLS in their national networks.
Similar to Cisco's tag switching, an MPLS router attaches labels (tags) containing forwarding information to outgoing IP packets. These "label edge routers" (LERs) sit at the edge of the network and perform the complex packet analysis and classification before the packet enters the core of the network. The routers within the core, known as "label switch routers" (LSRs), quickly examine the label and forward the packet per its directions without having to look up data in tables and compute the forwarding path each time. The edge routers at the receiving end remove the labels.
Similar to Cisco's tag switching, an MPLS router attaches labels (tags) containing forwarding information to outgoing IP packets. These "label edge routers" (LERs) sit at the edge of the network and perform the complex packet analysis and classification before the packet enters the core of the network. The routers within the core, known as "label switch routers" (LSRs), quickly examine the label and forward the packet per its directions without having to look up data in tables and compute the forwarding path each time. The edge routers at the receiving end remove the labels.
ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network)
An international standard for switched, digital dial-up telephone
service for voice and data. Analog telephones and fax machines are used
over ISDN lines, but their signals are converted into digital by the
ISDN terminal adapter (see below).
Although announced in the early 1980s, it took more than a decade before ISDN became widely available. It enjoyed a surge of growth in the early days of the Internet, because it provided the only higher-speed alternative to analog modems in many areas. Still working in many behind-the-scenes applications, ISDN is rarely used for Internet access.
Although announced in the early 1980s, it took more than a decade before ISDN became widely available. It enjoyed a surge of growth in the early days of the Internet, because it provided the only higher-speed alternative to analog modems in many areas. Still working in many behind-the-scenes applications, ISDN is rarely used for Internet access.
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol)
A routing protocol that is used to span autonomous systems on the
Internet. It is a robust, sophisticated and scalable protocol that was
developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). BGP4 supports
the CIDR addressing scheme, which has increased the number of available
IP addresses on the Internet. BGP was designed to supersede EGP, the
original exterior gateway protocol. It is also known as a path vector
protocol
RTP
(Rapid Transport Protocol) The protocol used in IBM's High Performance Routing (HPR) system.
(Realtime Transport Protocol) An IP protocol that supports realtime transmission of voice and video. It is widely used for IP telephony and audio and video streaming. An RTP packet rides on top of UDP, the non-reliable counterpart of TCP, and includes timestamping and synchronization information in its header for proper reassembly at the receiving end. Secure RTP (SRTP) is a version of RTP that provides confidentiality and message authentication.
(Realtime Transport Protocol) An IP protocol that supports realtime transmission of voice and video. It is widely used for IP telephony and audio and video streaming. An RTP packet rides on top of UDP, the non-reliable counterpart of TCP, and includes timestamping and synchronization information in its header for proper reassembly at the receiving end. Secure RTP (SRTP) is a version of RTP that provides confidentiality and message authentication.
RTCP
(Realtime Control Protocol)
RTCP is a companion protocol to RTP that is used to maintain QoS. RTP nodes analyze network conditions and periodically send each other RTCP packets that report on network congestion.
RTCP is a companion protocol to RTP that is used to maintain QoS. RTP nodes analyze network conditions and periodically send each other RTCP packets that report on network congestion.
RTSP
Realtime Streaming Protocol)
RTSP is used to control an RTP session at the application layer. It enables functions such as pause, rewind and fast forward to be provided in the user's client software.
RTSP is used to control an RTP session at the application layer. It enables functions such as pause, rewind and fast forward to be provided in the user's client software.
RIP
(Raster Image Processor)
The hardware and/or software that rasterizes an image for display or
printing. RIPs are designed to rasterize a specific type of data, such
as PostScript. As desktop computers became more powerful, software RIPs
became more appealing than specialized hardware RIPs. Software can be
upgraded more easily, and the operation is always speeded up by
installing a faster CPU.
(Routing Information Protocol) A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth. It also has a limit of 15 hops. If a route is advertised as having 16 hops, it is flagged as unreachable. AppleTalk, DECnet, TCP/IP, NetWare and VINES all use incompatible versions of RIP.
(Routing Information Protocol) A simple routing protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers and is known to waste bandwidth. It also has a limit of 15 hops. If a route is advertised as having 16 hops, it is flagged as unreachable. AppleTalk, DECnet, TCP/IP, NetWare and VINES all use incompatible versions of RIP.
(Remote Imaging Protocol)
An earlier graphics format from TeleGrafix Communications, designed for
transmitting graphics over low-speed lines. Using a communications
program that supported RIP enabled graphical interfaces to be used on a
BBS with respectable performance via modem.
IPv6
(Internet Protocol Version 6)
The next generation IP protocol. Started in 1991, the specification was
completed in 1997 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6
is backward compatible with and is designed to fix the shortcomings of
IPv4, such as data security and maximum number of user addresses.
IPv6 increases the address space from 32 to 128 bits, providing for an unlimited (for all intents and purposes) number of networks and systems. It also supports quality of service (QoS) parameters for realtime audio and video. Originally called "IP Next Generation" (IPng), IPv6 is expected to slowly replace IPv4, with the two existing side by side for many years.
IPv6 was officially deployed in July 2004 when ICANN added IPv6 records to its DNS root server for the .jp (Japan) and .kr (Korea) country codes.
IPv6 increases the address space from 32 to 128 bits, providing for an unlimited (for all intents and purposes) number of networks and systems. It also supports quality of service (QoS) parameters for realtime audio and video. Originally called "IP Next Generation" (IPng), IPv6 is expected to slowly replace IPv4, with the two existing side by side for many years.
IPv6 was officially deployed in July 2004 when ICANN added IPv6 records to its DNS root server for the .jp (Japan) and .kr (Korea) country codes.
SONET
(Synchronous Optical NETwork)
A fiber-optic transmission system for high-speed digital traffic.
Employed by telephone companies and common carriers, speeds range from
51 Mbps to 40 Gbps.
SONET is an intelligent system that provides advanced network management and a standard optical interface. Specified in the Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) standard, SONET backbones are widely used to aggregate T1 and T3 lines. The European counterpart to SONET is the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, and the term "SONET/SDH" is widely used when referring to SONET.
SONET is an intelligent system that provides advanced network management and a standard optical interface. Specified in the Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) standard, SONET backbones are widely used to aggregate T1 and T3 lines. The European counterpart to SONET is the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, and the term "SONET/SDH" is widely used when referring to SONET.
ERP Modules:
ERP / SAP
Enterprise Resource Planning)
An integrated information system that serves all departments within an
enterprise. Evolving out of the manufacturing industry, ERP implies the
use of packaged software rather than proprietary software written by or
for one customer. ERP modules may be able to interface with an
organization's own software with varying degrees of effort, and,
depending on the software, ERP modules may be alterable via the vendor's
proprietary tools as well as proprietary or standard programming
languages.
PeopleSoft HRMS
(PeopleSoft,
Inc., Pleasanton, CA, www.peoplesoft.com) A software company that
specializes in enterprise-wide applications for client/server
environments. Initially specializing in human resources, its package
offerings today cover the gamut including financial, distribution,
manufacturing and supply chain, plus numerous vertical markets. All
major databases are supported. Its products are known for their
modularity as well as their ease of modification and customization using
the PeopleTools development system.
Telecom:
GSM
(Global System for Mobile
Communications) A digital cellular phone technology based on TDMA that
is the predominant system in Europe, but also used worldwide. Developed
in the 1980s, GSM was first deployed in seven European countries in
1992. It operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the
1.9GHz PCS band in the U.S. Based on a circuit-switched system that
divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time slots, GSM defines
the entire cellular system, not just the TDMA air interface.
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service)
An enhancement to the GSM mobile communications system that supports
data packets. GPRS enables continuous flows of IP data packets over the
system for such applications as Web browsing and file transfer. GPRS
differs from GSM's short messaging service (GSM-SMS) which is limited to
messages of 160 bytes in length. See GSM.
3G
(3rd Generation)
The current generation of data transmission over a cellular network. In
CDMA networks such as Verizon Wireless and Sprint, EV-DO is the 3G
service. Cingular and other TDMA-based networks support the UMTS
technology for 3G, and GPRS is the 3G data service for Vodaphone and
other GSM carriers.
UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
The European implementation of the 3G wireless phone system. UMTS,
which is part of IMT-2000, provides service in the 2GHz band and offers
global roaming and personalized features. Designed as an evolutionary
system for GSM network operators, multimedia data rates up to 2 Mbps are
expected using WCDMA. In the interim, GPRS and EDGE are 2.5G
technologies that speed up wireless data for GSM users.
DSP
(Digital Signal Processor)
A special-purpose CPU used for digital signal processing applications
(see definition #2 below). It provides ultra-fast instruction sequences,
such as shift and add, and multiply and add, which are commonly used in
math-intensive signal processing. DSP chips are widely used in a myriad
of devices, including cellphones, sound cards, fax machines, modems,
hard disks and digital TVs. The first DSP chip used in a commercial
product was believed to be in the very popular Speak & Spell game
TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access)
A satellite and cellular phone technology that interleaves multiple
digital signals onto a single high-speed channel. For cellular, TDMA
triples the capacity of the original analog method (FDMA). It divides
each channel into three subchannels providing service to three users
instead of one. The GSM cellular system is also based on TDMA, but GSM
defines the entire network, not just the air interface.
CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access)
A method for transmitting simultaneous signals over a shared portion of
the spectrum. The foremost application of CDMA is the digital cellular
phone technology from QUALCOMM that operates in the 800MHz band and
1.9GHz PCS band. CDMA phones are noted for their call quality.
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol)
A standard for providing cellular phones, pagers and other handheld
devices with secure access to e-mail and text-based Web pages.
Introduced in 1997 by Phone.com (later Openwave Systems), Ericsson,
Motorola and Nokia, WAP provides a complete environment for wireless
applications that includes a wireless counterpart of TCP/IP and a
framework for telephony integration such as call control and phone book
access.
SS7
(Signaling System 7)
The protocol used in the public switched telephone system (the
"intelligent network" or "advanced intelligent network") for setting up
calls and providing services. SS7 is a separate signaling network that is used in Class 4 and Class 5 voice switches.
VoIP
(Voice Over IP) A telephone service that uses the Internet as a global telephone network. Many companies, including Vonage, 8x8 and AT&T (CallVantage), typically offer calling within the country for a fixed fee and a low per-minute charge for international. Broadband Internet access (cable or DSL) is required, and regular house phones plug into an analog telephone adapter (ATA) provided by the company or purchased from a third party.
(Voice Over IP) A telephone service that uses the Internet as a global telephone network. Many companies, including Vonage, 8x8 and AT&T (CallVantage), typically offer calling within the country for a fixed fee and a low per-minute charge for international. Broadband Internet access (cable or DSL) is required, and regular house phones plug into an analog telephone adapter (ATA) provided by the company or purchased from a third party.
SIGTRAN
(SIGnaling TRANsport) An IP telephony protocol from the IETF that is used to transfer SS7 signals over IP networks. The telco switch sends SS7 signals to a signaling gateway (SG) that converts them into SIGTRAN packets, which travel over IP to the next signaling gateway or to a softswitch if the destination is not another PSTN. SIGTRAN uses the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) for reliable transport. See IP telephony and SCTP.
MGCP/MEGACO
(Media Gateway Control Protocol/MEdia GAteway COntroller) An IP telephony signaling protocol from the IETF. MGCP was the original protocol, which evolved into MEGACO. Both protocols are designed for implementation in IP phones that are lower cost than SIP or H.323 phones. MGCP/MEGACO requires the use of softswitches for call control and more resembles the telephony model of the circuit-switched PSTN than do SIP and H.323. The softswitch is aware of the entire call throughout its duration (it manages state) and enables operator intervention like the PSTN. MCGP/MEGACO is a combination of the SGCP and IPCD protocols, and many devices that implement MGCP/MEGACO also support SIP and/or H.323.
(SIGnaling TRANsport) An IP telephony protocol from the IETF that is used to transfer SS7 signals over IP networks. The telco switch sends SS7 signals to a signaling gateway (SG) that converts them into SIGTRAN packets, which travel over IP to the next signaling gateway or to a softswitch if the destination is not another PSTN. SIGTRAN uses the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) for reliable transport. See IP telephony and SCTP.
MGCP/MEGACO
(Media Gateway Control Protocol/MEdia GAteway COntroller) An IP telephony signaling protocol from the IETF. MGCP was the original protocol, which evolved into MEGACO. Both protocols are designed for implementation in IP phones that are lower cost than SIP or H.323 phones. MGCP/MEGACO requires the use of softswitches for call control and more resembles the telephony model of the circuit-switched PSTN than do SIP and H.323. The softswitch is aware of the entire call throughout its duration (it manages state) and enables operator intervention like the PSTN. MCGP/MEGACO is a combination of the SGCP and IPCD protocols, and many devices that implement MGCP/MEGACO also support SIP and/or H.323.
SIP
(Session Initiation Protocol) An IP telephony signaling protocol developed by the IETF. Primarily used for voice over IP (VoIP) calls, SIP can also be used for video or any media type; for example, SIP has been used to set up multi-player Quake games. With SIMPLE extensions for IM and presence, SIP is also used for instant messaging
(Session Initiation Protocol) An IP telephony signaling protocol developed by the IETF. Primarily used for voice over IP (VoIP) calls, SIP can also be used for video or any media type; for example, SIP has been used to set up multi-player Quake games. With SIMPLE extensions for IM and presence, SIP is also used for instant messaging
H.323
An ITU standard for realtime voice and videoconferencing over packet networks, including LANs, WANs and the Internet. Although H.323 is a very comprehensive standard that supports voice, video, data, application sharing and whiteboarding, the parts relating to audio protocols have been widely used for IP telephony applications.
An ITU standard for realtime voice and videoconferencing over packet networks, including LANs, WANs and the Internet. Although H.323 is a very comprehensive standard that supports voice, video, data, application sharing and whiteboarding, the parts relating to audio protocols have been widely used for IP telephony applications.
TMN
(Telecommunications Management Network) A set of international standards for network management from the ITU. It is used by large carriers such as Sprint, MCI WorldCom and AT&T.
(Telecommunications Management Network) A set of international standards for network management from the ITU. It is used by large carriers such as Sprint, MCI WorldCom and AT&T.
Bluetooth
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology from the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (www.bluetooth.com) founded in 1998 by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba. Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range transmission of digital voice and data that supports point-to-point and multipoint applications. Some of the first Bluetooth applications have been for cellphones, providing a wireless connection to a headset and to an automobile's audio system for hands-free operation
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology from the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (www.bluetooth.com) founded in 1998 by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba. Bluetooth is an open standard for short-range transmission of digital voice and data that supports point-to-point and multipoint applications. Some of the first Bluetooth applications have been for cellphones, providing a wireless connection to a headset and to an automobile's audio system for hands-free operation
Jini
Pronounced "gee-nee." A Java-based distributed computing environment from Sun in which devices can be plugged into the network and automatically offer their services and make use of other services on the network. Jini creates a "network dialtone" allowing, for example, any PDA or laptop to be plugged in and immediately be able to use printers and other resources. It turns "peripherals into services," so that when a disk drive is plugged in, it becomes a storage service rather than just another disk drive
Pronounced "gee-nee." A Java-based distributed computing environment from Sun in which devices can be plugged into the network and automatically offer their services and make use of other services on the network. Jini creates a "network dialtone" allowing, for example, any PDA or laptop to be plugged in and immediately be able to use printers and other resources. It turns "peripherals into services," so that when a disk drive is plugged in, it becomes a storage service rather than just another disk drive
C, UNIX:
Linux
A very popular version of the Unix operating system that runs on a variety of hardware platforms including x86, Itanium, PowerPC and IBM's entire product line. Linux is widely used as a server OS and is gaining ground in the desktop market.
A very popular version of the Unix operating system that runs on a variety of hardware platforms including x86, Itanium, PowerPC and IBM's entire product line. Linux is widely used as a server OS and is gaining ground in the desktop market.
Windows NT
(Windows New Technology) A 32-bit operating system from Microsoft for Intel x86 CPUs. NT is the core technology in Windows 2000 and Windows XP (see Windows). Available in separate client and server versions, it includes built-in networking and preemptive multitasking. Windows NT was introduced in 1993 as Version 3.1 with the same user interface as Windows 3.1. In 1996, Version 4.0 switched to the Windows 95 desktop and changed some of the dialogs (see table below).
(Windows New Technology) A 32-bit operating system from Microsoft for Intel x86 CPUs. NT is the core technology in Windows 2000 and Windows XP (see Windows). Available in separate client and server versions, it includes built-in networking and preemptive multitasking. Windows NT was introduced in 1993 as Version 3.1 with the same user interface as Windows 3.1. In 1996, Version 4.0 switched to the Windows 95 desktop and changed some of the dialogs (see table below).
VMS
(Virtual Memory System) A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memory operating system for the VAX series from Digital. VMS applications run on any VAX from the MicroVAX to the largest unit.
(Virtual Memory System) A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memory operating system for the VAX series from Digital. VMS applications run on any VAX from the MicroVAX to the largest unit.
kernel
The fundamental part of a program, typically an operating system, that resides in memory at all times and provides the basic services. It is the part of the operating system that is closest to the machine and may activate the hardware directly or interface to another software layer that drives the hardware
The fundamental part of a program, typically an operating system, that resides in memory at all times and provides the basic services. It is the part of the operating system that is closest to the machine and may activate the hardware directly or interface to another software layer that drives the hardware
Tcl/Tk
(Tool Command Language/ToolKit) Pronounced "tickle" or "ticklet," it is an interpreted script language that is used to develop a variety of applications, including GUIs, prototypes and CGI scripts. Created for the Unix platform by John Ousterhout along with students at the University of California at Berkeley, it was later ported to PCs and Macs. Safe-Tcl is an enhanced Tcl interpreter that provides a secure, virus free environment.
Tcl also provides an interface into compiled applications (C, C++, etc.). The application is compiled with Tcl functions, which provide a bi-directional path between Tcl scripts and the executable programs. Tcl provides a way to "glue" program modules together. The Tk part of Tcl/Tk is the GUI toolkit, which is used to create graphical user interfaces. Other languages, including Perl, Python and Scheme, have incorporated Tk as well.
(Tool Command Language/ToolKit) Pronounced "tickle" or "ticklet," it is an interpreted script language that is used to develop a variety of applications, including GUIs, prototypes and CGI scripts. Created for the Unix platform by John Ousterhout along with students at the University of California at Berkeley, it was later ported to PCs and Macs. Safe-Tcl is an enhanced Tcl interpreter that provides a secure, virus free environment.
Tcl also provides an interface into compiled applications (C, C++, etc.). The application is compiled with Tcl functions, which provide a bi-directional path between Tcl scripts and the executable programs. Tcl provides a way to "glue" program modules together. The Tk part of Tcl/Tk is the GUI toolkit, which is used to create graphical user interfaces. Other languages, including Perl, Python and Scheme, have incorporated Tk as well.
multithreading
Multitasking within a single program. It allows multiple streams of execution to take place concurrently within the same program, each stream processing a different transaction or message. In order for a multithreaded program to achieve true performance gains, it must be run in a multitasking or multiprocessing environment, which allows multiple operations to take place.
Multitasking within a single program. It allows multiple streams of execution to take place concurrently within the same program, each stream processing a different transaction or message. In order for a multithreaded program to achieve true performance gains, it must be run in a multitasking or multiprocessing environment, which allows multiple operations to take place.
storage device
A peripheral unit that holds data such as disk, tape or flash memory card. For a summary of all storage technologies,
A peripheral unit that holds data such as disk, tape or flash memory card. For a summary of all storage technologies,
iSCSI
(Internet SCSI) A protocol that serializes SCSI commands and converts them to TCP/IP
(Internet SCSI) A protocol that serializes SCSI commands and converts them to TCP/IP
SAN
(Storage Area Network) A network of storage disks. In large enterprises, a SAN connects multiple servers to a centralized pool of disk storage. Compared to managing hundreds of servers, each with their own disks, SANs improve system administration. By treating all the company's storage as a single resource, disk maintenance and routine backups are easier to schedule and control. In some SANs, the disks themselves can copy data to other disks for backup without any processing overhead at the host
(Storage Area Network) A network of storage disks. In large enterprises, a SAN connects multiple servers to a centralized pool of disk storage. Compared to managing hundreds of servers, each with their own disks, SANs improve system administration. By treating all the company's storage as a single resource, disk maintenance and routine backups are easier to schedule and control. In some SANs, the disks themselves can copy data to other disks for backup without any processing overhead at the host
RAID
(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) A disk subsystem that is used to increase performance or provide fault tolerance or both. RAID uses two or more ordinary hard disks and a RAID disk controller. In the past, RAID has also been implemented via software only.
(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) A disk subsystem that is used to increase performance or provide fault tolerance or both. RAID uses two or more ordinary hard disks and a RAID disk controller. In the past, RAID has also been implemented via software only.
NAS
(Network Attached Storage)
A specialized file server that connects to the network. A NAS device
contains a slimmed-down operating system and a file system and processes
only I/O requests by supporting the popular file sharing protocols,
primarily CIFS for Windows and NFS for Unix.
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